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Et affectus meaning3/27/2023 While the issue of a negativity bias has not been extensively explored in infant development, it has been explored in myriad lines of adult and animal research. We propose possible ontogenetic pathways for the emergence of the negativity bias, and we argue that this bias serves important evolutionary and developmental functions. This raises several important questions: do infants attend equally to all facets of this information, or do they attend to certain facets more than others? Do they, in addition, learn and remember particular kinds of information better than others? What evolutionary and developmental consequences do these ways of approaching the environment have? In this paper, we propose that infants display a negativity bias: that is, infants attend more to, are more influenced by, and use to a greater degree negative rather than positive facets of their environment. Infants are exposed to a great deal of social information from birth, and their ability to use this information effectively is critical for development in many domains and for survival in general. Throughout, we suggest ways to further examine the negativity bias in infants and older children, and we make testable predictions that would help clarify the nature of the negativity bias during early development. We discuss ontogenetic mechanisms underlying the emergence of this bias, and explore not only its evolutionary but also its developmental functions and consequences. Here, we argue for the existence of the negativity bias in early development, evident especially in research on infant social referencing but also in other developmental domains. This bias is argued to serve critical evolutionarily adaptive functions, but its developmental presence and ontogenetic emergence have never seriously been considered. What helps one person concentrate might be distracting to someone else, and what helps one person unwind might make another person jumpy.There is ample empirical evidence for an asymmetry in the way that adults use positive versus negative information to make sense of their world specifically, across an array of psychological situations and tasks, adults display a negativity bias, or the propensity to attend to, learn from, and use negative information far more than positive information. Pay attention to how you react to different forms of music, and pick the kind that works for you. Listening to the Beatles might bring you back to the first moment you laid eyes on your spouse, for instance. Reach for familiar music, especially if it stems from the same time period that you are trying to recall. It might not feel pleasurable at first, but that unfamiliarity forces the brain to struggle to understand the new sound. New music challenges the brain in a way that old music doesn’t. Often we continue to listen to the same songs and genre of music that we did during our teens and 20s, and we generally avoid hearing anything that’s not from that era. Listen to what your kids or grandkids listen to, experts suggest. Try these methods of bringing more music-and brain benefits-into your life. The power of music isn’t limited to interesting research.
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